Transcript of View From The Top with Lisa Su: Chair and CEO of AMD

And so the nice thing about my early career is I was lucky enough to have bosses who asked me all the time, what do you want to be when you grow up? And I was like, I don’t know. Let me think about what do I want to be when I grow up.

And the opportunity to manage people or manage projects was very interesting. Because I viewed, hey, as one person, as a researcher, you could get so much done. But hey, if you have a little team of 10 people, you can actually get so much more done. And if it gets to 50 people or 100 people, so much more. So yes, there was a lot of, let’s call it, learning on the job. But that was what I was able to do in that period of time.

And I will say, for the record, I’ve always thought I should get an MBA. And I just ran out of time. You have to schedule two years in your life to get an MBA. And at some point, you become too old to get an MBA. So it was, I’m sorry, John Carter, did I say that? Is that OK for me to say?

So the truth is there was just a lot of on-the-job training. And the beauty of career development is when you get a chance to try something new and learn. Whether it’s people management, or business, or managing larger projects, I had a lot of opportunities to learn.

MICHAEL LIU: Right, well, I think it’s never too late. And we’d love to have you. And I think it’s rare to see someone with mastery of both building products and people management. And those are two really difficult problems. You’ve said yourself that you like hard problems. So what’s your approach to solving hard problems? And how do you push through in the face of setbacks?

Tackling Hard Problems

LISA SU: I think the most important thing for all of us is to have a deep curiosity of just solving problems. That’s my view of the world.

When I think about, in the early part of my career, some of the most difficult things, the first product I ever worked on was a microprocessor. And we were just about to announce the processor. And nothing worked. I mean, the chip did not work. We didn’t know why it didn’t work. But the company was about to announce it.

And you think, oh, that’s terrible. That’s very stressful. But actually, what it is is it allows you to really galvanize teams on really opening up every ounce of creativity you have to figure out, OK, how are we going to figure out why is this not working? And how do we move the projects forward?

When you work on a really hard problem, or in a company context, when you work on the most important projects, you can garner an incredible amount of resources, creativity, and focus that will allow you to do something that you wouldn’t imagine possible.

And that’s what I believe is the most important thing managers do, or leaders.

What leaders do is they actually bring teams together to do something that nobody thought was possible. And that’s what I enjoy about the world that we’re in, is that you’re working on problems that are super interesting and quite impactful to the industry. And you’re also working on something that someone hasn’t done before. I love that.

I think that’s something we can all take away, looking for the hardest problems and finding the creativity and focus to solve them.

Recognizing Underestimated Talent

MICHAEL LIU: Now at the GSB, we learn a lot about hiring and retaining great talent. But something that is less spoken about is recognizing underestimated talent. So Lisa, have you ever made a bet on someone that’s been historically overlooked? And how did that go?

LISA SU: Well, I like to say that, again, our job as leaders is to give people opportunities. You can’t guarantee anybody’s success, but you certainly can help identify the people who have a lot of potential. And I’m also a big believer in that leadership is something that you learn and something that you train. It’s not something that you’re born with. You actually learn through lots and lots of different experiences.

And so yes, somebody took a chance on me, right? Somebody decided when I was a kid that I should get these different experiences.

Probably the most intimidating experience that I had was when I was at IBM maybe about five years, which is relatively still new in my career. I was working on interesting projects. I had done a few interesting projects. And one day I got a call and said, “Hey, can you come down to Armonk? We’d like you to meet Lou Gerstner.” And Lou Gerstner was the chair and CEO of IBM at the time. And I’m like, “Why? Why would he want to talk to me?” That was a very weird thing. And they’re like, “Yes, yes. We would like you to be his technical assistant.”

So my job was to actually teach Lou about technology. He was not a technical person, but he was running a technical company. And he wanted to learn about some of the latest and greatest technology things. And I was like, “Wow. I didn’t realize this is what I went to school for.” But the truth was, it was an opportunity for me to observe what life was like at the top of a company of global scale and size. And I learned so much just from observing.

And so I view that as somebody took a chance on me. And I still view that as one of the most impactful experiences of my career in terms of just understanding what life would be like as a CEO. And so it’s our jobs as leaders to take chances on people as well. And that usually means that you put somebody in a job that you’re not 100% sure that they can do, but you surround them with lots and lots of support so that they can be successful. And yeah, that is a real important part of team development, people development.

The other thing is just doing lots of different things, like being able to, every couple of years, take on a different experience. With every experience, you learn so much. So many different experiences help really round out the overall career capabilities.

MICHAEL LIU: It’s really interesting you say that. At the GSB, we learned that leadership is something that can be trained and a set of behaviors rather than something you’re inherently born with. So it’s really reassuring.

The Journey to CEO

MICHAEL LIU: Now, one more point on your resume, but it’s the last one, I promise. Now, following Freescale Semiconductor, you then joined AMD as senior vice president, helping the company expand beyond PC into gaming and embedded devices. Within two years, you were then appointed CEO of the company. So bring us back to the moment when you got the call from the board. How did it feel, and how did you do it?

LISA SU: Yeah. So good question. Let me kind of give you the context. If I give you the context, I kind of was a self-proclaimed semiconductor person. This was going to be my profession, my career. I had a great run at Freescale Semiconductor. It was my first opportunity in the C-suite. So I was CTO of the company, and then I ran one of the larger businesses. And then I was like, “Hey, I need to try something different.” And I joined AMD.

And many people said at the time, “Why would you join AMD? What would make you join AMD?” I actually had mentors in my career saying, “I don’t think that that’s a good move, Lisa.” And I was very puzzled. I didn’t understand. Why would anybody say that? I thought AMD was a very interesting company, but it was a company that had sort of a track record of not perfect execution. There were years that AMD did very well. There were years that AMD didn’t do very well. And as a result, it was always viewed as, “Hey, interesting, but not one of the top companies out there.”

And I viewed it as, “Hey, look, what was important to me was to lead a company that mattered, a company that would matter in the industry.” And I felt, I am a little bit biased here, but processors are kind of the brains of most things. The idea that semiconductors are now important. 30 years ago, semiconductors were not quite as important. People were like, “What’s a semiconductor? Why is that important?” Now nobody doubts why semiconductors are so important, whether you’re talking about businesses, economies, national security, all of those things.

So that’s why I joined AMD. And the opportunity at that time was an industry that was going through just a ton of transition. So if you think about the tech world, there are these large transitions, whether you’re talking about the internet era, or you’re talking about mainframe going to PCs, or you’re talking about PCs going to mobile. All of these major transitions means there’s a different set of winners. And there are also going to be some losers.

And at the time, this was back in 2012, 2013, 2014, this was the time when PCs were viewed as potentially being losers, when mobile was becoming very prominent. And that’s where AMD was. So we were kind of at a crossroads, frankly. We were at a crossroads for a company that was in transition. The industry was in transition, the company was in transition, and the leadership was in transition.

So I joined in 2012 to run the business units. There was no concept of business units, P&Ls, those kinds of things. So there was a lot of transformation to be done there. I had a great partner as CTO, Mark Papermaster has been my partner on this journey. And I became COO in 2014. So I thought, “Hey, that’s great. This is wonderful. I’m getting to run larger pieces of the company.” And I was surprised that six months after I became COO, I got a call from our chairman of the board. And he said, “It’s time, Lisa.” And I’m like, “Really? That seems really kind of quick, you know?”

And look, I think the moral of the story is, you never know, like you can’t plan these things to any precision. But what was clear was that we had to transition some of our strategy as a company. And we were ready for a change. And I was very honored to be asked to be CEO. And it was never a doubt that this was like my dream job. So my dream job, going to school, and through all these years was to have the opportunity to lead a semiconductor company. And now I had that opportunity. So that was back in October 2014. And it’s something that I remember very, very well.

Balancing Defensive and Offensive Leadership

MICHAEL LIU: Well, it definitely wasn’t easy when you joined the helm. The company was at the brink of bankruptcy and the share price was hovering at around $3. Under your leadership, at its peak, AMD’s shares topped $200. So how did you balance between defensive leadership, which involved cost cutting and focusing on the core, with offensive leadership, which involved diversifying product lines and taking bolder bets?

LISA SU: Yeah, well, I think it’s fairly clear in tech, there’s no such thing as cutting yourself to be a winner. Of course, balance sheets are very important and P&Ls are very important. But what was really important, I think, for us, it was to decide, what do we want to be when we grow up? Like, what does great look like? And for us, it was deciding what was important.

One of the things that I like to say about the semiconductor industry or technology in general is the decisions that we make

LISA SU: Today, you will really see the impact like three to five years down the road. It is all about making the right bets. For AMD at the time, as I said, we were at a crossroads and we were needing to make a decision of what do we want to be when we grow up. At the time, the most interesting sector, frankly, was mobile. Smartphones were taking off, everyone was like, “Lisa, why aren’t we building mobile chips?” And we thought about it. Actually, we sized it, we looked at it, we spent quite a bit of time looking at it, and we realized that, yes, that is a good business, but that actually is not a good business for us because that’s not fundamentally what we are best at.

Fundamentally, what we were best at, what I believed we could be best at, is building the highest performance computing out there. It was a bet on high performance computing. And there are many reasons for that. You can look at sort of what your competition looks like, you can look at what the technology landscape looks like, you can look at where you think the markets are going. But if I kind of summarize, there’s probably a few basic things, right? You want to make sure that as a company that you’re in markets that are large enough, especially picking markets where you see there is sort of industry transformations coming, industry inflections coming. And then where the company has some secret sauce.

And so our secret sauce was we knew how to build high performance computers. And I knew that my job as a CEO at the time was to lay out that vision, but then also give our team enough time to fully realize that vision. Because nothing changes quickly. We had to set the expectation, look, this is going to take three to five years. It’s going to take us three product generations. We actually had to start from scratch our products, but we knew exactly where we wanted to go.

And at the time, there was a big industry inflection coming, which was Moore’s Law was slowing down. All of you have probably heard about Moore’s Law. Moore’s Law was the idea that you can basically continuing to double the amount of capability, reduce the price every two years. Moore’s Law was essentially slowing down, and there was going to be new technologies that would make a difference. And that’s what we were going to bet on in terms of going forward.

So I think that the key with any, people call it a turnaround. Yes, maybe. I call it more, you have to kind of see where the future is going and try to align your resources and your focus with where the future is going.

MICHAEL LIU: Right, and other than a technological change, there was also a cultural shift within the company. Were there any key decisions you made that helped change AMD’s internal mindset from being an underdog to an industry leader?

Building a Learning Culture

LISA SU: Yeah, I think the key thing with any company culture or any team culture is it’s not necessarily what you write down, but it’s actually what people see and feel every day in terms of day-to-day operation. And so from the AMD culture standpoint, what I’d like to believe is that everybody in the company is here because we love pushing the bleeding edge of technology, like if you want to join AMD, that’s why you joined, is because you want to be at the cutting edge of technology.

You’re probably going to work harder than most. You’re probably going to take a good amount of risk on how you get that done. But I also believe very much in a learning culture, which is we learn from everything that we do. Actually, we learn more from our mistakes than we learn from our successes, because with every product launch, we can say, hey, we could have done that a little bit better. With every new generation, we think about what will I want to do differently in the future? And that’s very much who we are. I think we are a learning culture. We are a very collaborative culture, but at the end of the day, we like to win. And it’s about having the best technology and the best products out there.

MICHAEL LIU: I love that. A learning culture is something we can all take home with us. Now, I want to shift over to talking a bit about the industry and AI. The semiconductor industry is as much a geopolitical story as it is a technological one. So how do you navigate an environment where policy decisions, such as tariffs, chip subsidies, and export controls, can make or break an industry leader?

Navigating Geopolitical Challenges in the Semiconductor Industry

LISA SU: Well, I think we have to… The world has changed. The world has changed in a way that we’re in an industry where having the best technology can make such a difference. And like I said, it can make a difference in terms of getting a competitive edge in companies, and it can make a difference about a competitive edge in countries. And so it’s just part of the industry that we’re in.

I think the key is to have very good clarity on… We are a US company. Clearly, there have been a lot of conversations and discussions over the last five, seven, eight years in terms of just how important the technology is and ensuring that the technology isn’t used for, let’s call it, not the purposes that are aligned with US interests. But I also think the market is super large, and there’s a way to really balance both. And that’s what we try to do.

I’d like to say we are a global company in the sense that we operate across every part of the world. But as it relates to critical technology, we’re very much focused on ensuring that we’re compliant with all of the US regulations. And in some sense, I’d like to view it as we are a very interested party in helping understand what is the best way to satisfy both interests. And that’s what we do.

MICHAEL LIU: So seeing it as an opportunity as well, I like that.

LISA SU: Yes, it’s really, really important to have your voice heard, particularly in an area that is so complicated, right? It’s really hard to figure out where the boundaries should be, and companies need to step up and be part of that conversation.

MICHAEL LIU: Now, AMD has doubled down on inference rather than training, expecting inference to make up the majority of AI workloads for the future. So could you walk us through what the key technological and market signals have been that has led AMD towards that decision? And maybe for those of us that are less well-versed in what training and inference is, maybe perhaps we could trouble you to explain that.

The AI Revolution and AMD’s Strategy

LISA SU: Yeah, and again, maybe let me take a step back and just give a little bit of a landscape of where we are in technology today. It is an incredibly exciting time in technology today. Like, if you had asked me five years ago, the rate and pace of AI adoption that we’ve seen over the last 18 months, I mean, it’s extraordinary.

This is the most important sort of technology advance of the last 50-plus years. And what’s different about it is so many people can be touched by it, and that’s kind of what generative AI has done.

AI has been around forever. It’s been around for the longest time. But it was actually pretty hard to really get AI into our business flows. That’s kind of what’s different today, is that now you can see how AI can be adopted in many different ways.

So this comment about training versus inference, look, I’m actually a believer in there’s no one type of AI. Like, you’re going to see AI permeate every part of our lives, whether you talk about the largest cloud environments, which are important today, or you talk about your environments at the edge when you think about industrial AI or robotics, or you think about personal AI, AI PCs, AI in your phones. I think you’re going to see AI in all of those places. And our goal in life is to make sure that we have the right computing for the right applications.

So to your question about inference versus training, I think that is a little bit more in terms of the tactics of a given year. I would step back from that and say, at the end of the day, you’re going to have these amazing large language models that are out there, these foundational models. Some of them are going to be open. Some of them are going to be proprietary.

LISA SU: Going to be closed. And then you’re going to have many other models as well. You’re going to have medium-sized models. You’re going to have smaller-sized models. You’re going to have models that can run on your phone that will give you personal AI capability. And the compute that you need for each of those is somewhat different. Our vision at AMD is that we can really create the right compute for each one of those environments. And that’s really what we’re focused on.

MICHAEL LIU: That’s very helpful. Thank you. I’d like to talk a little bit about AMD software as well. Some have said that AMD is the Android to NVIDIA’s Apple, more open, more flexible, but slightly less easy to integrate. So could you walk us through your decision to make AMD software open source and how you convince major AI players that AMD’s flexibility outweighs NVIDIA’s verticalization?

Open Source Strategy and Differentiation

LISA SU: Well, look, first of all, I would say NVIDIA is a great company. And they certainly have a very capable AI end-to-end capability. I think our view is a little bit different. Our view is, again, I view that you’re going to have AI end-to-end in different compute sizes. There’s no one-size-fits-all in AI. And the open capability is just part of AMD’s DNA. Like, that’s who we are. We believe in letting our customers and our partners choose what is the best component in each spot.

Now, what that means is we do take on some extra work in terms of interoperability. We absolutely take on extra work. However, we believe in the end, we’ll get a much larger developer ecosystem as part of that. And so that has been our mantra. And what you’ll see in AI today is people are in a race to get to the next great app or the next big wave of usability. People want to make it as simple as possible. And that’s what we’re working on, is how do we make access to AI as simple as possible as you go forward.

MICHAEL LIU: Thank you. Now, recently, companies like DeepSeek have been able to train their models at a fraction of the cost of U.S.-based players. So what does this mean for the huge amounts of AI infrastructure investment, and what does this mean for AMD?

Innovation Driving the AI Revolution

LISA SU: First of all, I think what’s been most interesting about DeepSeek over the last month or so is just it’s an example of how innovation can really spark new thinking. People didn’t expect it. So put aside the exact detail of how much did they spend, single-digit millions or double-digit millions on training. I think that’s actually a secondary point. The primary point is you have a new model, an open model, that had some very innovative ways of putting things together based on what other people have done.

And now it’s spurred more excitement, frankly, because that’s what’s happened. In the last month, people are like, “Oh, OK, well, that’s interesting. That’s what DeepSeek did. Now, how do I take and build upon what you saw in DeepSeek and make it applicable to my world?” And so you’re seeing many derivatives of this come about.

So I think what it means for—put aside some of the market volatility. I think the market is way overly sensitive to the things that happen. What you find is, today, what we’re seeing is innovation sparks more innovation. And frankly, making AI more accessible, cheaper, more broadly adopted will only give us more uses of AI.

I truly believe that we are at the very, very early beginnings of AI adoption. It is nowhere near what you have today is good, but it’s still quite primitive compared to what I think is possible. And we just need to have more cycles of learning in the process.

MICHAEL LIU: You’ve always had a really clear idea of what you want to be when you grow up. And so you’ve met many milestones with impeccable execution, while others have stumbled. So looking forward, what are the key strategic and execution risks that keep you up at night for AMD?

Five-Year Vision and Strategic Outlook

LISA SU: Well, I will perhaps differ with you a little bit about, I don’t know if I can say I always knew what I wanted to be when I grew up. I think companies and people have a five-year trajectory. I used to say to people, hey, don’t tell me what you want to be in 20 years. What is a good milestone for you in five years? Because you can kind of see five years. Five years is not two. Two is too short. And 10 is maybe a little bit long, because so much changes.

So I answer that question, what do I want to achieve? I think we are at a place where computing continues to be something that can drive fundamental productivity across our lives, across businesses, across the world. And I want AMD to be a very major player in unlocking that compute for the world.

And some of the things that I see as opportunities for us, we think about AI in two aspects. One is, how do we make our businesses more productive? How do we make our lives more productive? You can see opportunities for that. But the more interesting thing is, how do we use the technology to fundamentally change either business processes, business models, or even, more importantly, solving some of the world’s problems. I like to work on technology that solves some of the world’s most important problems, and AI can help solve many of those.

And I think about, what can AI do in health care? What can AI do with drug discovery? What can we do with climate change? And these things, when you take a technology that’s fundamentally very capable and put it on turbocharge to solve some of these things that, frankly, we haven’t solved yet, even though we have a lot of smart researchers and a lot of great computing, it still takes years to solve some of these problems. If we can take years down to months or weeks, now we’re talking about the power of technology. So those are some interesting milestones for the next five years.

MICHAEL LIU: Right. Well, while we’re on the topic of milestones in the future, we’re joined by many MBA students, most of whom were born at the cusp of the internet and are now graduating on the cusp of the AI revolution. So you’ve also said that AI is the most transformative technology you’ve seen in your career. And some have said that today will be the slowest day of AI development for the rest of our lives. So with that in mind, what’s next? And how should we prepare?

Advice for the Next Generation

LISA SU: Well, I think what’s next is we should expect that the only constant is change. And things will continue to progress at a very fast rate. So I do believe in this notion of, especially for you guys, you guys are super lucky, because you are at a place where I think we’re at the beginning of a wave. And it really is about just always being in that learning mode.

I view any education as not job training. You didn’t get an MBA for job training. I didn’t get a PhD for job training. You get these degrees to learn how to think, to learn how to solve problems, to learn how to really see the future.

And so that’s what I would view as my comments to this team. What I’ve learned over the last 18 months is incredible. And every day, I’m learning something new about how the technology is going to be used, how our customers are using technology, how we can actually—I really like the idea of 1 plus 1 is greater than 3. So how do you take, let’s call it, the power of our expert knowledge, which is in hardware, software systems, together with our partners who are great in applications and sort of the end user capabilities, and marry that together to build 1 plus 1 is greater than 3?

MICHAEL LIU: Right. And so if we take that change will be a constant, how do you stay focused yet nimble at the same time and executing on your kind of five-year milestone?

Balancing Focus with Agility

LISA SU: Well, I think the key is to always, you have to have a very clear sort of roadmap of what you want to do, but you have to enable yourself to get input into whether you’re doing the right thing. Like agility is super important in today’s world. I think you see it in just how fast things are changing. I mean, I think the power of social media, the power of just the cycles that it used to be for research and for new products.

to come out is now much, much shorter because you don’t go through quite the same incubation times of before. And so, I think it is about continuing to be very agile and nimble. What we have certainly seen in the process is that collaboration is a big piece of that. I learned from every single conversation that I have with our customers, with our partners, with industry folks, and that helps us align on what are the next big things that one needs to do.

We’re excited to see what AMD will do next.

Leaving Your Mark

MICHAEL LIU: Now, before we open up for audience Q&A, I have one more question for you. The theme for this View from the Top is “Leaving Your Mark.” So one question we have for all speakers is, Lisa, how would you like to be remembered?

LISA SU: I would love for people to remember AMD as building some of the most important technology in the world.

MICHAEL LIU: I love that. Now we’ll open up for audience Q&A. There’s a couple of mics running around. If you’re selected, please state your name, your Stanford affiliation, and then your question.

Audience Q&A

AUDIENCE QUESTION: Hi, Lisa. My name is Josh Minor. I’m an MBA 1. And before this, I was at AMD for the last four years. So it’s great to see you again. This is not a planted question, I promise you.

LISA SU: I have no idea what he’s going to ask.

AUDIENCE QUESTION: You mentioned that AI today is good but still quite primitive. What are some of the technological advancements that you are most excited about in the next few years on that hardware software side?

LISA SU: When I say that it’s good but it could be better, look, I think we’ve all experienced what ChatGPT or DeepSeek or any of these models can do. And now we’ve added these reasoning capabilities, which is also pretty impressive. But I think there are two vectors that still need a lot of work.

One is there is a view of if we can get the cost down, sort of the cost per inference query or the longer your query, if you have to wait a few seconds or maybe sometimes 30 seconds or 60 seconds, you may not like that. You want to be able to get it such that it is instant information.

And then the other thing is you want to make sure that it’s accurate. I know we believe it’s gotten so much better in the last 18 months. But you still are not 100% sure that it’s accurate. And so there’s a lot of work that can still be done in terms of really taking the output of these models and turning them into something you’ve heard about, maybe the comments about agents and having lots and lots of agents.

That is super exciting because that’s how you really get AI to not just give you information, but be able to take on some tasks on its own. But you really need to ensure that it does it right. And so there’s so much work in those areas going on right now that I think will continue to advance and progress going forward.

AUDIENCE QUESTION: Thanks so much for coming. My name is Derek. I’m an MBA1. I’m also from Taiwan, so you’re a huge inspiration to me. My question is, Apple earlier today announced a $500 billion plan to bring AI server assembly back to the U.S., especially under the current administration. How do you view the future of semiconductor manufacturing here in the U.S., and more importantly, what role does Taiwan play in that process?

LISA SU: I think it’s a very much top-of-mind point. And I think the top-of-mind point for everyone, whether you’re talking about U.S. or Taiwan or the European countries, is everyone wants resiliency in their supply chain. You want to believe that no matter what happens, you have access to the most important components locally and in region.

And so U.S. manufacturing continues to be a very big topic of conversation. I’m a big believer, proponent, that we need to bring more semiconductor manufacturing back to the United States. I’m also a big believer in you can’t do it overnight. There are reasons that the supply chain became much, much more efficient for Taiwan. Taiwan today still has the vast majority of all advanced semiconductors, but more of it will move. And it’s the right thing to do, because you need resiliency in the supply chain.

So I think with the CHIPS Act that was put in place a few years ago, and then certainly the Trump administration, the new administration is very focused on bringing more manufacturing back to the U.S. I think we’re going to see that happen. It’ll just take a little bit of time.

AUDIENCE QUESTION: I’m Nico Enriquez. I’m a principal at Future Ventures, a deep tech VC, second year MBA. There’s talk of a potential overbuild in data centers. Microsoft has started to lease their data centers rather than buy, for example. Do you think there is a bubble in this space, and how do you hedge for that case?

LISA SU: I look at this on a much longer timescale versus a very tactical timescale. I think on the longer timescale, we need more data centers and we need more power. And frankly, the largest inhibitor over the last 18 months for perhaps even more progress was just the entire supply chain was not ready. We needed more chips, we needed more power, we needed more data centers. And as a result, there’s more build happening in that area.

From my perspective, we are at a place where compute is still… The scaling laws would say that more compute will get you better answers and will allow you to get the technology more adopted across the world. So I’m more of a bullish on that than not.

AUDIENCE QUESTION: Benji Wolberton, first year undergrad. So Jensen was here two weeks ago and I asked a question about the kind of monopoly they have on all the kind of hardware used for pre-training. Does AMD plan to try and challenge Nvidia on this, and if so, what’s the timeline?

LISA SU: Let me say, I do not believe that there will ever be a case where there’s only one technology that’s used for something. And look, pre-training is very important. Training in general is very important. So I was going to say, Michael, to your question earlier, I view this as a continuum between inference, training, reinforcement learning. All of these things require very fundamental, similar technologies. So yes, you will see today there’s quite a bit of training that’s being done on AMD, but you’ll see a lot more as we go forward.

AUDIENCE QUESTION: I’m studying in Stanford for Ignite program. My question is, so since it’s just a big chance for AI, do you think it’s a good chance for students to start up their own business after graduation, or you think it’s a good chance to work for big companies?

LISA SU: I think there’s no one right answer to that. It depends on the person. I think there are benefits to starting your own company if you want to, if you have a great idea, and certainly Silicon Valley is a place where lots of startups have been super successful, AI is an area where there are lots of startups, then you have the opportunity to get the funding and support and a lot of mentorship and capability.

And there’s also lots of advantages to working for a big company. In my world, I’ve had the opportunity to, I think, try so many different things that would be hard to do in a startup environment, and I’ve learned along the way.

So it really depends on what makes you tick. I will say that I’ve had a lot of opportunities throughout my career to potentially run smaller companies, and for me, the important thing wasn’t I had to get to CEO as fast as possible. That was not the motivation. I thought I would like to be a CEO, but that wasn’t my motivation. My motivation was to work in something where I could make a big difference on the industry, and so for that, I needed a bigger company, because I didn’t think I was going to find that in a startup, at least to start with.

But then again, there’s some great examples here. If you look at the pipeline of companies that have come out of Stanford, if you look at the pipeline of companies in AI today, where people are making tremendous difference, I think either are great options.

MICHAEL LIU: Thank you so much. It’s been really fun. So we’re from the top tradition to end with a couple of rapid-fire questions, so I’m going to ask you a question, and you say the first thought that comes to your mind.

LISA SU: Okay.

MICHAEL LIU: What is one hobby

MICHAEL LIU: What’s something that most people don’t know about you?

LISA SU: Well, I do like to box for exercise, and I also greatly enjoy Texas Hold’em, so my sales guys like to play Texas Hold’em with me.

MICHAEL LIU: I would not want to be on the other side of the table with you. If you weren’t leading AMD, what would you be doing?

LISA SU: Oh, hopefully improving my golf handicap. My handicap has gotten worse as I’ve become CEO, so I’d have to have it go the other way again.

MICHAEL LIU: You should check out the golf course.

LISA SU: Yes, yes. I wouldn’t mind an invitation someday if somebody wants to invite me.

MICHAEL LIU: What is one piece of tech you can’t live without?

LISA SU: I think as all, we’re all stuck to our phone, but probably the thing that I really like is I’ve really gotten used to using Spotify on my phone, and it’s really nice to be able to kind of carry your stuff everywhere you go.

MICHAEL LIU: What is one piece of advice to be broadcast across Stanford?

LISA SU: I would say dream big, right? Dream big. This is the time to have a big, bold, audacious dream and follow your dreams.

MICHAEL LIU: And finally, one word to describe AMD’s future?

LISA SU: Phenomenal.

Conclusion

MICHAEL LIU: Lisa, it’s been an absolute privilege. Thank you so much.

LISA SU: Thank you.

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