Here is the full transcript of cancer researcher Hasini Jayatilaka’s TEDx talk: How We Can Slow Down The Spread of Cancer @ TEDxMidAtlantic conference.
Listen to the MP3 Audio: How we can slow down the spread of cancer by Hasini Jayatilaka @ TEDxMidAtlantic
Hasini Jayatilaka – Cancer researcher
Cancer – it’s a devastating disease that takes an enormous emotional toll, not only on the patient but the patient’s loved ones as well. It is a battle that the human race has been fighting for centuries. And while we’ve made some advancements, we still haven’t beaten it.
Two out of 5 people in the US will develop cancer in their lifetime. Of those, 90% will succumb to the disease due to metastasis.
Metastasis is a spread of cancer from a primary site to a distal site through the circulatory or the lymphatic system. For instance, a female patient with breast cancer doesn’t succumb to the disease simply because she has a mass on her breast. She succumbs to the disease because it spreads to the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, brain, bone where it becomes unresectable or untreatable.
Metastasis is a complicated process — one that I’ve studied for several years now. And something that my team and I discovered recently was that cancer cells are able to communicate with each other and coordinate their movement based on how closely packed they are in the tumor microenvironment.
They communicate with each other through two signaling molecules called interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Now, like anything else in nature, when things get a little too tight the signal is enhanced causing the cancer cells to move away faster from the primary site and spread to a new site.
So if we block this signal using a drug cocktail that we developed, we can stop the communication between cancer cells and slow down the spread of cancer.
Let me pause here for a second and take you back to when this all began for me in 2010, when I was just a sophomore in college. I I just started working in Dr. Denis Wirtz Lab at Johns Hopkins University.
And I’ll be honest, I was a young naïve Sri Lankan girl who had no previous research experience, and I was tasked to look at how cancer cells move in a 3D collagen one matrix that recapsulated in a dish the conditions that cancer cells are exposed to in our bodies.
This was new and exciting for me, because previous work had been done on 2D flat plastic dishes that really weren’t representative of what the cancer cells are exposed to in our bodies. Because let’s face it, the cancer cells in our bodies aren’t stuck onto plastic dishes.
It was during this time that I attended a seminar conducted by Dr. Bonnie Bassler from Princeton University where she talked about how bacterial cells communicate with each other based on their population density and perform a specific action. It was at this moment that a light bulb went off in my head and I thought, wow, I see this in my cancer cells every day when it comes to their movement. The idea for my project was thus born.
I hypothesized that cancer cells are able to communicate with each other and coordinate their movement based on how closely packed they are in the tumor microenvironment.
I became obsessed with pursuing this hypothesis, and fortunately I worked for someone who was open to running with my crazy ideas. So I threw myself into this project. However I couldn’t do it by myself. I needed help. I definitely needed help.
So we recruited undergraduate students, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and professors from different institutions and multiple disciplines to come together and work on this idea that I conceived as a sophomore in college.
After years of conducting months together and merging different ideas and perspectives, we discovered a new signaling pathway that controls how cancer cells communicate with each other and move based on their cell density.
Some of you might have heard this because most of social media knows it as the Hasini Effect. And we weren’t done yet.
We then decided that we want to block this signaling pathway and see if we could slow down the spread of cancer, which we did in preclinical animal models.
We came up with a drug cocktail consisting of Tocilizumab which is currently used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and Reparixin which is currently in clinical trials against breast cancer. And interestingly what we found was that this cocktail of drug really had no effect on tumor growth but directly targeted metastasis.
This was a significant finding because currently there aren’t any FDA-approved therapeutics that directly target the spread of cancer. In fact, the spread of cancer, metastasis is thought of as a byproduct of tumor growth. Where the idea is: if we can stop the tumor from growing, we can stop the tumor from spreading. However most of us know that this is not true.
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